Thermometers and other instruments should be read with the eye level with the liquid otherwise this results in parallax error. So, you need to know the different types and sources of error and how to calculate them.If you measure the length of a sample three times and get 1.1 cm, 1.5 cm, and 1.3 cm, then the absolute error is +/- 0.2 cm or you would say the length of the sample is 1.3 cm (the average) +/- 0.2 cm.Some people consider absolute error to be a measure of how accurate your measuring instrument is. All of these errors will be in the same direction (greater than or less than the true value) and you can’t compensate for them by taking additional data.Random errors are due to fluctuations in the experimental or measurement conditions. Errors can also occur if there were uncontrolled variables affecting your results. Relative error may be reported with a sign. If there is a large margin of error, you’ll be asked to go over your procedure and identify any mistakes you may have made or places where error might have been introduced. Did they make your experimental values increase or decrease. If you are using a ruler that reports length to the nearest millimeter, you might say the absolute error of any measurement taken with that ruler is to the nearest 1 mm or (if you feel confident you can see between one mark and the next) to the nearest 0.5 mm.For example, if your speedometer says you are going 55 mph, when you’re really going 58 mph, the absolute error is 3 mph / 58 mph or 0.05, which you could multiple by 100% to give 5%. 2) Were there any other factors which may have affected movement (i.e., making the object go faster or slower than expected)?
3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology Systematic errors The toughest group of folks to deal with were the managers of other departments who depended on the lab for reports that indicated how well they were doing and they did not like to hear about experimental error! The difference between your results and the expected or theoretical results is called error. 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation One common personal error is going into an experiment with a bias about whether a hypothesis will be supported or rejects. Rather, you should attempt to identify a specific mistake or problem. In this case, the speedometer is off by -5% because the recorded value is lower than the true value.Because the absolute error definition is ambiguous, most lab reports ask for percent error or percent difference.% error = [accepted – experimental ] / accepted x 100%% difference = [experimental value – other value] / average x 100%Every experimental measurement, no matter how carefully you take it, contains some amount of uncertainty or error. The False Negative Quality Sample (FNQS) is a QC check sample set at a concentration two to three times of the detection limit and is included in each analytical batch, analogous to the method blank to check for false positives. As a former quality assurance manager for an environmental laboratory I dealt with this issue on a regular basis. 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology The most common sources of systematic error in a titration experiment are errors in calibration. 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction Another type of personal error is a simple mistake, where you might have used an incorrect quantity of a chemical, timed an experiment inconsistently, or skipped a step in a protocol.I haven’t done any chemistry in awhile as most of my work has been in testing electrical circuits, but boy if you could have seen some of my early lab reports tou might find them a tad humorous.As the former QA Officer for an environmental laboratory I appreciate this overview of measurement error.
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